In 1965, Bruce Tuckman came up with a model representing the different phases groups need to go through to grow as a team. The model initially consisted of four distinct stages: forming, storming, norming and performing. Later, a fifth stage was added, called ‘adjourning’.
The team is formed and everyone shows their best behavior. There is a positive and polite atmosphere. Strong guidance is needed by the facilitator as group tasks are not clearly defined yet.
Storming
Emerging
boundaries become contested and conflicts occur. Also frustration with
the lack of progress is common. Guidance is needed by the facilitator.
Norming
Team
members start to resolve their differences, appreciate colleagues'
strengths, and respect the leader’s authority. Behavior from the
storming and norming phases can overlap for some time when new tasks
come up.
Performing
Hard
work goes hand in hand with satisfaction about the team’s progress.
Team confidence makes team roles more fluid and more tasks can be
delegated by the facilitator. Problems are prevented or solved as they
pop up.
Adjourning
When
all tasks are completed, it’s important to celebrate the team’s
positive achievements. Letting go of the group structure after long
periods of intensive team work can also generate uncertainty for
individual team members.
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