- Relational space (wa)
- Knowledge-mobilizing space (ba)
- Location (tokoro)
- Negative space (ma)
"In Japan, a building can’t be in Tokyo without Tokyo being in the building."
When you are the first person to arrive in a meeting room, do you think of it as being empty or full?
If you were raised in the West, a meeting room is made for people to meet. Therefore, if there are no people in that room, then of course it must be empty. As philosopher Henk Oosterling remarks, in the West, “a room is empty until someone enters.”
However, in the East, space is understood a bit differently. In Japan, spaces have meanings prior to any activity that happens within them. For example, as a space in Japanese culture is understood by how it shapes relationships, the same meeting room in Tokyo would appear full of symbols and instructions about how interactions can and should occur. In this way, a room is always filled with invisible structures, regardless of its occupants.
Instead of framing space as a relationship between objects and walls, the Japanese concept of space is about the relationships among people. By shifting this view, we can discover an interesting way of thinking about the spaces we make and use in everyday life—and the relationships that they create.
source: https://qz.com/1181019/the-japanese-words-for-space-could-change-your-view-of-the-world/
In some sense, restaurant ambience has this meaning of space in western culture.
source: https://www.restobiz.ca/five-elements-of-restaurant-ambience/
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